Origem das variações de cores das escórias do vulcão Sierra Negra das Ilhas Galápagos

Volcanic cinder, also known as scoria, is an extrusive igneous rock that forms when gas-rich magmas of basaltic or andesitic composition cool quickly. It is typically dark in color, ranging from black to red depending on its chemical composition. Sometimes fresh cinder samples show a variety of shiny metallic colors on its surface ranging from blue to gold to silver. The origin of these colors has remained unknown up to now. Cinder samples from an eruptive event occurred in October 2005 have been collected in the surroundings of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Galápagos Islands. The samples’ crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology have been analyzed using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a field gun emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Based on an extensive physical and chemical analysis, we were able to demonstrate that these colors are due to a light interference phenomenon. These results have a great potential to be used for a wide variety of purposes such as determining the temperature and composition of magma and evaluating volcanic samples for planetary studies.Las cenizas volcánicas, también conocidas como escorias, son una roca ígnea extrusiva que se forma cuando los magmas ricos en gas de composición basáltica o andesítica se enfrían rápidamente. Es típicamente de color oscuro, que va del negro al rojo dependiendo de su composición química. A veces las muestras de ceniza fresca muestran una variedad de colores metálicos brillantes en su superficie que van del azul al oro y a la plata, dependiendo de la orientación de la muestra. Hasta ahora, el origen de estos colores ha permanecido desconocido. Muestras de cenizas de un evento eruptivo ocurrido en octubre de 2005, han sido recogidas en los alrededores del volcán Sierra Negra en las Islas Galápagos. La estructura cristalográfica, la composición química y la morfología de la superficie de estas muestras se han analizado utilizando la difracción de rayos X (XRD), la espectroscopia de rayos X de dispersión de energía (EDS) y la microscopia electrónica de barrido con emisión de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Basándonos en un extenso análisis físico y químico, hemos podido demostrar que estos colores se deben a un fenómeno de interferencia de la luz. Estos resultados tienen un gran potencial para ser utilizados para una amplia variedad de propósitos como la determinación de la temperatura y la composición del magma, así como la evaluación de muestras volcánicas para estudios planetarios.As cinzas vulcânicas, também conhecidas como escórias, são uma rocha ígnea extrusiva formada quando os magmas ricos em gás de composição basáltica ou andesítico esfriam rapidamente. É tipicamente de cor escura, que vai do preto ao vermelho, dependendo de sua composição química. Às vezes as amostras de cinza fresca mostram uma variedade de cores metálicas brilhantes em sua superfície que vão do azul ao ouro e à cor prata, dependendo da orientação da amostra. Até o momento, a origem destas cores permanece desconhecida. Amostras de cinzas de um evento eruptivo ocorrido em outubro de 2005, foram recolhidas nos arredores do vulcão Sierra Negra nas Ilhas Galápagos. A estrutura cristalográfica, a composição química e a morfologia da superfície destas amostras foram analisadas por meio da difração de raios X (XRD), da espectroscopia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDS) e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (SEM), respectivamente. Com base em uma extensa análise física e química, pudemos demonstrar que essas cores se devem a um fenômeno de interferência da luz. Esses resultados têm um grande potencial para serem utilizados com uma ampla variedade de propósitos como a determinação da temperatura e a composição do magma, bem como a avaliação de amostras vulcânicas para estudos planetários

Temperament and welfare. Effect on production of cattle meat

Los bovinos con temperamento indócil ganan menos peso, producen carne mas dura, y presentan pérdidas por hematomas y abscesos en distintas áreas musculares, adquiridas durante el manejo y el transporte que deben eliminarse para comercializar. Las perdidas en argentina se estiman en 0,89 u$s por animal faenado siendo de 28 y 47 dólares para Estados Unidos, aumentando la preocupación por el bienestar de los animales. El temperamento se define como el conjunto de comportamientos de los animales relacionados con el hombre atribuido al miedo. Los test que miden temperamento evalúan el miedo, imitando condiciones peligrosas con las que se encuentran los animales en su ambiente de producción, para estandarizar la reactividad entre individuos. Algunos test restringen físicamente a los animales para evaluar su comportamiento, otros observan los animales en áreas grandes incluyendo interacción con el operador. Existen indicios de que es posible modificar la intensidad de las reacciones emocionales por manejo y selección, amansando los animales mediante procesos de habituación y de aprendizaje asociativo. Las medidas del temperamento tuvieron moderada a alta heredabilidad (h2= 0,54) cuando los test se realizaron al destete y baja (h2= 0,26) cuando se evaluaron nuevamente a los 18 meses de edad. Siendo el temperamento un carácter heredable que impacta sobre el bienestar animal y la producción bovina, el mismo puede utilizarse como criterio de selección. La selección por temperamento requerirá establecer un sistema de evaluación estandarizado e implementar buenas prácticas de manejo para reducir las perdidas económicas.The bovine ones which have unruly temperament gain less weight produce firm meat, and present losses for bruises and abscesses in different muscular areas acquired during the managing and the transport that must be eliminated to commercialize. The losses in Argentine are estimated in 0,89 u$s by slaughtered animal being 28 and 47 dollars for The United States, increasing the worry for the welfare of the animals. The temperament is defined as the set of behaviors of the animals related to the man attributed to fear. The tests that measure temperament evaluate fear, imitating hazardous conditions which find the animals in their production environment, to standardize the reactivity among individuals. Some tests restrict animals physically; others observe the animals in big areas including interaction with the operator. There are evidences which indicate that it is possible to modify the intensity of the emotional reactions for managing and selection, taming the animals by means of processes of habituation and of associative learning. Temperament measures were moderate heritability (h2 = 0,54) when the test carried out to the weaning and fell (h2 = 0,26) when they were evaluated again at 18 months of age. Being the temperament a character inheritable that strikes on the animal well-being and the bovine production, it can be used as criterion of selection. The selection for temperament will need to establish a standardized evaluation system and to implement good managing practices to reduce economic losses.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Correction: Drivers of deforestation in the basin of the Usumacinta River: Inference on process from pattern analysis using generalised additive models.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222908.]

Comparison of Cytokine Responses in Ecuadorian Children Infected with Giardia, Ascaris, or Both Parasites.

More than 2 billion people are infected with parasites globally, and the majority have coinfections. Intestinal protozoa and helminths induce polarizing CD4(+) T-helper cell 1 (Th1) mediated cytokine responses within the host. Such immune polarization may inhibit the ability of the host to mount an adequate immune response for pathogen clearance to concurrent pathogens. The current study evaluated the plasma cytokine profile in Ascaris and Giardia coinfected children compared with Giardia- and Ascaris-only infected children. Fecal samples and blood samples were collected from asymptomatic 3-year-old children living in the district of Quininde, Ecuador. Stool samples that tested positive for Giardia lamblia-only, Ascaris lumbricoides-only, or G. lamblia and A. lumbricoides coinfections were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma samples from the study subjects were used to quantitate cytokines. A total of 39 patients were evaluated. Children with coinfection had a significant decrease in Th1 cytokine production, interleukin 2 (IL-2) (P < 0.05), IL-12 (P < 0.05), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (P < 0.05) compared with Giardia-only infected children. Coinfected children had an increase in IL-10/interferon gamma (IFN-γ) ratio compared with uninfected (P < 0.05) and Ascaris alone (P < 0.05). The increased IL-10/IFN-γ ratio in the setting of decreased Th1 cytokine response indicates Th2 polarization in the coinfected group. Reduced Th1 cytokines in children coinfected with Ascaris and Giardia may impair the host's ability to eradicate Giardia infection leading to chronic giardiasis

The pressure-volume-temperature relationship of cellulose

Pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) mea- surements of a-cellulose with different water contents, were performed at temperatures from 25 to 180 °C and pressures from 19.6 to 196 MPa. PVT measurements allowed observation of the combined effects of pressure and temperature on the specific volume during cellulose thermo-compression. All isobars showed a decrease in cellulose specific volume with temperature. This densification is associated with a transition process of the cellulose, occurring at a temperature defined by the inflection point Tt of the isobar curve. Tt decreases from 110 to 40 °C with pressure and is lower as moisture content increases. For isobars obtained at high pressures and high moisture contents, after attaining a minimum, an increase in volume is observed with temperature that may be related to free water evaporation. PVT a-cellulose experimental data was compared with predicted values from a regression analysis of the Tait equations of state, usually applied to synthetic polymers. Good correla- tions were observed at low temperatures and low pressures. The densification observed from the PVT experimental data, at a temperature that decreases with pressure, could result from a sintering phenomenon, but more research is needed to actually understand the cohesion mechanism under these conditions

Porphyrin Binding to Gun4 Protein, Facilitated by a Flexible Loop, Controls Metabolite Flow through the Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway.

In oxygenic phototrophs, chlorophylls, hemes, and bilins are synthesized by a common branched pathway. Given the phototoxic nature of tetrapyrroles, this pathway must be tightly regulated, and an important regulatory role is attributed to magnesium chelatase enzyme at the branching between the heme and chlorophyll pathway. Gun4 is a porphyrin-binding protein known to stimulate in vitro the magnesium chelatase activity, but how the Gun4-porphyrin complex acts in the cell was unknown. To address this issue, we first performed simulations to determine the porphyrin-docking mechanism to the cyanobacterial Gun4 structure. After correcting crystallographic loop contacts, we determined the binding site for magnesium protoporphyrin IX. Molecular modeling revealed that the orientation of α6/α7 loop is critical for the binding, and the magnesium ion held within the porphyrin is coordinated by Asn-211 residue. We also identified the basis for stronger binding in the Gun4-1 variant and for weaker binding in the W192A mutant. The W192A-Gun4 was further characterized in magnesium chelatase assay showing that tight porphyrin binding in Gun4 facilitates its interaction with the magnesium chelatase ChlH subunit. Finally, we introduced the W192A mutation into cells and show that the Gun4-porphyrin complex is important for the accumulation of ChlH and for channeling metabolites into the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway

Polynomial Heuristic Algorithms for Inconsistency Characterization in Firewall Rule Sets

Firewalls provide the first line of defence of nearly all networked institutions today. However, Firewall ACLs could have inconsistencies, allowing traffic that should be denied or vice versa. In this paper, we analyze the inconsistency characterization problem as a separate problem of the diagnosis one, and propose formal definitions in order to characterize one-to-many inconsistencies. We identify the combinatorial part of the problem that generates exponential complexities in combined diagnosis and characterization algorithms proposed by other authors. Then we propose a decomposition of the combinatorial problem in several smaller combinatorial ones, which can effectively reduce the complexity of the problem. Finally, we propose an approximate heuristic and algorithms to solve the problem in worst case polynomial time. Although many algorithms have been proposed to address this problem, all of them are combinatorial. The presented algorithms are an heuristic way to solve the problem with polynomial complexity. There are no constraints on how rule field ranges are expressed

Functional Selectivity and Antinociceptive Effects of a Novel KOPr Agonist

Kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists represent alternative analgesics for their low abuse potential, although relevant adverse effects have limited their clinical use. Functionally selective KOPr agonists may activate, in a pathway-specific manner, G protein-mediated signaling, that produces antinociception, over \u3b2-arrestin 2-dependent induction of p38MAPK, which preferentially contributes to adverse effects. Thus, functionally selective KOPr agonists biased toward G protein-coupled intracellular signaling over \u3b2-arrestin-2-mediated pathways may be considered candidate therapeutics possibly devoid of many of the typical adverse effects elicited by classic KOPr agonists. Nonetheless, the potential utility of functionally selective agonists at opioid receptors is still highly debated; therefore, further studies are necessary to fully understand whether it will be possible to develop more effective and safer analgesics by exploiting functional selectivity at KOPr. In the present study we investigated in vitro functional selectivity and in vivo antinociceptive effects of LOR17, a novel KOPr selective peptidic agonist that we synthesized. LOR17-mediated effects on adenylyl cyclase inhibition, ERK1/2, p38MAPK phosphorylation, and astrocyte cell proliferation were studied in HEK-293 cells expressing hKOPr, U87-MG glioblastoma cells, and primary human astrocytes; biased agonism was investigated via cAMP ELISA and \u3b2-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. Antinociception and antihypersensitivity were assessed in mice via warm-water tail-withdrawal test, intraperitoneal acid-induced writhing, and a model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold hypersensitivity. Effects of LOR17 on locomotor activity, exploratory activity, and forced-swim behavior were also assayed. We found that LOR17 is a selective, G protein biased KOPr agonist that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates early-phase ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conversely to classic KOPr agonists as U50,488, LOR17 neither induces p38MAPK phosphorylation nor increases KOPr-dependent, p38MAPK-mediated cell proliferation in astrocytes. Moreover, LOR17 counteracts, in a concentration-dependent manner, U50,488-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation and astrocyte cell proliferation. Both U50,488 and LOR17 display potent antinociception in models of acute nociception, whereas LOR17 counteracts oxaliplatin-induced thermal hypersensitivity better than U50,488, and it is effective after single or repeated s.c. administration. LOR17 administered at a dose that fully alleviated oxaliplatin-induced thermal hypersensitivity did not alter motor coordination, locomotor and exploratory activities nor induced pro-depressant-like behavior. LOR17, therefore, may emerge as a novel KOPr agonist displaying functional selectivity toward G protein signaling and eliciting antinociceptive/antihypersensitivity effects in different animal models, including oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy